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1 bimetallic spring
биметаллическая пружина
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[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > bimetallic spring
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2 bimetallic spring
Техника: биметаллическая пружина -
3 bimetallic spring
bimetalik yay -
4 bimetallic spring
Англо-русский словарь по электроэнергетике > bimetallic spring
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5 bimetallic spring
пружина из биметаллического материала (напр. в воздушной заслонке карбюратора) (рис. 51) -
6 bimetallic spring
bimetalik yay -
7 spring
пружина; рессора (цилиндрическая, листовая); упругость; эластичность; разводка зубьев пилы; источник; родник; ключ; II подвешивать на рессорах; подвешивать на пружинах; подрессоривать; пружинить; соединять пружинами; прыгать; подскакивать- spring and guide assembly - spring application - spring arch - spring arrangement - spring ball joint - spring bearer plate - spring block - spring centre bolt - spring centre clamp - spring centre hump - spring chair - spring collar - spring compressor - spring-controlled - spring coupling plate - spring cover - spring damper coil - spring deflection - spring end - spring fixed end - spring fixed eye - spring forge - spring frame of seat - spring free end - spring gaiter - spring hoop - spring horn - spring-leaf opener - spring-leaf retainer - spring liner - spring-loaded - spring-loaded check valve - spring-loaded oil seal - spring-loaded plunger - spring-loaded valve - spring oiler - spring opener - spring-opposed - spring pivot seat - spring reinforced eye - spring retainer - spring retainer lock - spring-return - spring seat angle - spring seat centre line - spring separator - spring shackle pin - spring solid eye - spring spacer - spring-spoke steering wheel - spring-spoked steering wheel - spring squeak - spring steel - spring stiffness - spring stirrup - spring stop - spring support - spring surge - spring suspension - spring tension pawl - spring-tensioned oil seal - spring thrust - spring tie bolt - spring tongue - spring-trip hitch - spring-tyre self-starter - spring U-bolt - spring upturned eye - spring washer - spring wheel - spring wire - spring with compression shackle - spring wrapper eye - air spring - antagonistic spring - antirattle spring - blade spring - block spring - car spring - carriage spring - case spring - centring spring - close-coiled spring - cluster spring - conical spring - constant spring - disconnecting spring - double-cone spring - double-elliptic spring - draft spring - end spring - feather spring - feed spring - fly spring - Garter spring - hair spring - jack spring - journal spring - nest spring - parabolic spring - pressing spring - progressively wound valve spring - recuperator spring - restoring spring - stabilizer spring - starting crankshaft spring - steering clutch spring - steering knuckle tie rod spring - step spring - stop spring - stiff spring - superposed plate spring - supplementary spring - supporting spring - suspended spring - suspension spring - symmetrical spring - tempered spring - tension spring - three-quarter elliptic spring - throw-over spring - thrust spring - tie-rod spring - torsion spring - torsion bar spring - torsional spring - transverse spring - trailing spring - tripping spring - twist spring - two-stage spring - two-way spring - underhung spring - underslung spring - universal-joint casing spring - unloaded spring - unsymmetrical spring - valve spring - valve rocker shaft spring - variable rate spring - vibrator spring - volute spring - water pump spring - weak spring - wound spring - yoke spring - zero spring -
8 Arnold, John
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 1735/6 Bodmin (?), Cornwall, Englandd. 25 August 1799 Eltham, London, England[br]English clock, watch, and chronometer maker who invented the isochronous helical balance spring and an improved form of detached detent escapement.[br]John Arnold was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and then worked as an itinerant journeyman in the Low Countries and, later, in England. He settled in London in 1762 and rapidly established his reputation at Court by presenting George III with a miniature repeating watch mounted in a ring. He later abandoned the security of the Court for a more precarious living developing his chronometers, with some financial assistance from the Board of Longitude. Symbolically, in 1771 he moved from the vicinity of the Court at St James's to John Adam Street, which was close to the premises of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures \& Commerce.By the time Arnold became interested in chronometry, Harrison had already demonstrated that longitude could be determined by means of a timekeeper, and the need was for a simpler instrument that could be sold at an affordable price for universal use at sea. Le Roy had shown that it was possible to dispense with a remontoire by using a detached escapement with an isochronous balance; Arnold was obviously thinking along the same lines, although he may not have been aware of Le Roy's work. By 1772 Arnold had developed his detached escapement, a pivoted detent which was quite different from that used on the European continent, and three years later he took out a patent for a compensation balance and a helical balance spring (Arnold used the spring in torsion and not in tension as Harrison had done). His compensation balance was similar in principle to that described by Le Roy and used riveted bimetallic strips to alter the radius of gyration of the balance by moving small weights radially. Although the helical balance spring was not completely isochronous it was a great improvement on the spiral spring, and in a later patent (1782) he showed how it could be made more truly isochronous by shaping the ends. In this form it was used universally in marine chronometers.Although Arnold's chronometers performed well, their long-term stability was less satisfactory because of the deterioration of the oil on the pivot of the detent. In his patent of 1782 he eliminated this defect by replacing the pivot with a spring, producing the spring detent escapement. This was also done independendy at about the same time by Berthoud and Earnshaw, although Earnshaw claimed vehemently that Arnold had plagiarized his work. Ironically it was Earnshaw's design that was finally adopted, although he had merely replaced Arnold's pivoted detent with a spring, while Arnold had completely redesigned the escapement. Earnshaw also improved the compensation balance by fusing the steel to the brass to form the bimetallic element, and it was in this form that it began to be used universally for chronometers and high-grade watches.As a result of the efforts of Arnold and Earnshaw, the marine chronometer emerged in what was essentially its final form by the end of the eighteenth century. The standardization of the design in England enabled it to be produced economically; whereas Larcum Kendall was paid £500 to copy Harrison's fourth timekeeper, Arnold was able to sell his chronometers for less than one-fifth of that amount. This combination of price and quality led to Britain's domination of the chronometer market during the nineteenth century.[br]Bibliography30 December 1775, "Timekeepers", British patent no. 1,113.2 May 1782, "A new escapement, and also a balance to compensate the effects arising from heat and cold in pocket chronometers, and for incurving the ends of the helical spring…", British patent no. 1,382.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (provides an overview).V.Mercer, 1972, John Arnold \& Son Chronometer Makers 1726–1843, London.See also: Phillips, EdouardDV -
9 thermal
1 adjPHYS, REFRIG, THERMO térmico2 -
10 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV -
11 contact
1) контакт, касание, соприкосновение || контактировать, соприкасаться2) эл. контакт4) установление связи, вступление (вхождение) в связь || выходить на связь6) рлк обнаружение; захват ( цели)•-
a-contact
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actual contact
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adhesive contact
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adjustable contact
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adjustable touching contact
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alloyed contact
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all-round contact
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all-wheel ground contact
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amateur contact
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anvil contact
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approach contact
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arcing contact
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arm contact
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armature contact
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auxiliary contact
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back contact
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ball contact
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base contact
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bayonet contact
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b-contact
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beam-lead contact
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bellows contact
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bifurcated contact
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bimetallic contact
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blade contact
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blocking contact
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body contact
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bouncing contacts
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bow contact
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break contact
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break-before-make contact
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break-make contact
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bridge-type contact
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bridge contact
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bridging contact
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brush contact
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bump contact
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buried contact
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butt contact
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change-over contact with neutral position
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change-over contact
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chattering contacts
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circumferential contact
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closed contact
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collector contact
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concentrated contact
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concentric contact
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conformal contact
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continuous contact
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convex-concave contact
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convex-convex contact
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coplanar contact
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crimp contact
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dead contact
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direct refrigerant contact
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discrete contact
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distributed contact
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docking ring contact
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double tooth contact
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double-break contact
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double-throw contact
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dressed contact
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dry contact
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dry-reed contact
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EHD contact
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elastic contact
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elastic-plastic contact
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elastohydrodynamic contact
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electric contact
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elementary contact
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emitter contact
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external contact
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face contact
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female contact
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ferreed contact
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filter contact
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finger contact
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firm contact
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first contact
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fixed contact
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flight visual contact
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floating contact
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frictional contact
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frictionally heated contact
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front contact
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grinding contact
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ground contact
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hard contact
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head-to-oxide contact
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heavily stressed contact
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hermaphroditic contact
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high-resistance contact
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indirect refrigerant contact
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initial contact
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initial docking contact
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injecting contact
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instantaneous contact
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intercell ohmic contact
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interdigitated back contact
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internal contact
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intimate contact
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jack-in contact
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keep-alive contact
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knife- type contact
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knife contact
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line contact
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linear contact
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liquid contact
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live contact
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localized contact
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locking contact
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loose contact
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low-impedance contact
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low-level contact
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low-resistance contact
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lubricated contact
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magnetically operated contact
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make contact
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make-before-break contact
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make-break contact
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male contact
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mechanical contact
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mercury-wetted contact
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mid-position contact
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movable contact
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multiple contact
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multiple-point contact
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needle pinion contact
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nominal contact
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nonbridging contact
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nonrectifying contact
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nonshorted contact
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nonsliding contact
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normally closed contact
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normally open contact
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normally-off contact
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normally-on contact
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off-limit contacts
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ohmic contact
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one-pair contact
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physical contact
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pin contact
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pinpoint contact
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plastic contact
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plug contact
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plunger hermetically sealed contact
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point contact
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polarized contacts
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poor contact
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pressed contact
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press-fit contact
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pressure contact
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printed contact
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push-button contact
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push contact
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push-on contact
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quick-action contact
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radar contact
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radio contact
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rail contact
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real contact
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rear contact
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rectifying contact
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reed contact
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relay contact
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removable contact
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rendezvous contact
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resilient contact
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retaining contact
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rocking contact
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rolling contact
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rotor contact
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screen printed contact
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sealed contact
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sealing contact
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self-aligned contact
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self-holding contact
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self-registered contact
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sequence contacts
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shared contact
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short-circuit contact
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shorting contact
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single contact
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single tooth contact
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slider contact
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slow-action contact
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snap-action contact
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snap-on contact
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socket contact
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soft contact
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solder contact
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soldered contact
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solderless contact
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space station/spacecraft initial contact
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spitted contacts
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spring contact
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spring-loaded contact
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stake contact
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static contact
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steady state contact
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strip contact
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surface contact
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switching contact
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switch contact
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target contact
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thermocouple contact
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thermoelastic contact
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throwable contact
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tool/work contact
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train-to-wayside contact
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transfer contact
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transient thermoelastic contact
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transition contact
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tuning fork contact
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twin-break contact
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two-way contact
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uniform contact
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unlubricated contact
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vacuum sealed contact
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viscoelastic contact
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wet contact
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wiping contact
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wire-to-wire contact
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wrap contact -
12 Le Roy, Pierre
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 24 November 1717 Paris, Franced. 25 August 1785 Viry-sur-Orge, France[br]French horologist who invented the detached détente escapement and the compensation balance.[br]Le Roy was born into a distinguished horological family: his father, Julien, was Clockmaker to the King. Pierre became Master in 1737 and continued to work with his father, taking over the business when his father died in 1759. However, he seems to have left the commercial side of the business to others so that he could concentrate on developing the marine chronometer. Unlike John Harrison, he believed that the solution lay in detaching the escapement from the balance, and in 1748 he submitted a proposal for the first detached escapement to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. He also differed from Harrison in his method of temperature compensation, which acted directly on the balance by altering its radius of gyration. This was achieved either by mounting thermometers on the balance or by using bimetallic strips which effectively reduced the diameter of the balance as the temperature rose (with refinements, this later became the standard method of temperature compensation in watches and chronometers). Le Roy had already discovered that for every spiral balance spring there was a particular length at which it would be isochronous, and this method of temperature compensation did not destroy that isochronism by altering the length, as other methods did. These innovations were incorporated in a chronometer with an improved detached escapement which he presented to Louis XV in 1766 and described in a memoir to the Académie des Sciences. This instrument contained the three essential elements of all subsequent chronometers: an isochronous balance spring, a detached escapement and a balance with temperature compensation. Its performance was similar to that of Harrison's fourth timepiece, and Le Roy was awarded prizes by the Académie des Sciences for the chronometer and for his memoir. However, his work was never fully appreciated in France, where he was over-shadowed by his rival Ferdinand Berthoud. When Berthoud was awarded the coveted title of Horloger de la Marine, Le Roy became disillusioned and shortly afterwards gave up chronometry and retired to the country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHorloger du Roi 1760.Bibliography1748, "Echappement à détente", Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (still the standard work on the subject).DV -
13 detector
детектор; сигнализатор; средство обнаружения; чувствительный элемент; датчик; индикатор; (пожарный) извещатель detector of products of combustion - дымовой пожарный извещатель; пожарный извещатель, чувствительный к наличию продуктов сгорания detector bar-type - линейный пожарный извещатель detector bimetallic strip heat - тепловой пожарный извещатель с биметаллическим чувствительным элементом detector combination - комбинированный или дифференциально-максимальный пожарный извещатель detector combustible (combustion) gas - пожарный извещатель, чувствительный к наличию горючих газов и/или продуктов сгорания detector combustion gas - with open ionization chamber дымовой пожарный извещатель ионизационного типа detector contamination - прибор для измерения степени радиоактивного заражения detector continuous fire - линейный пожарный извещатель detector early-warning - (пожарный) извещатель раннего обнаружения detector electronic - электронный (пожарный) извещатель detector electronic smoke - оптико-электронный дымовой пожарный извещатель detector fault - искатель или указатель повреждений detector fire - автоматический пожарный извещатель; прибор, сигнализирующий об образовании взрывной смеси detector fixed temperature - пожарный извещатель, реагирующий на определенную температуру detector flame(-responsive) - световой пожарный извещатель detector gas - газообнаружитель; газоопределитель detector heat(-sensitive) - тепловой пожарный извещатель detector high-pressure leak - указатель утечки в системе высокого давления detector ignition - датчик (детектор) воспламенения detector infrared - инфракрасный извещатель detector infrared flame - световой пожарный извещатель инфракрасного диапазона detector infrascan - инфракрасный пожарный извещатель сканирующего типа detector infrastat - стационарный инфракрасный пожарный извещатель detector ionization chamber-type - дымовой пожарный извещатель, ионизационного типа detector ionization (fire) - пожарный извещатель ионизационного типа detector laser - лазерный пожарный извещатель detector light - световой пожарный извещатель detector line(-type) - пожарный извещатель линейного типа, линейный пожарный извещатель detector low-pressure - датчик низких давлений detector low-temperature - низкотемпературный датчик detector overheat (overtemperature) - сигнализатор перегрева detector photoelectric - световой пожарный извещатель фотоэлектрического типа detector point - точечный пожарный извещатель detector radiation - детектор излучения; дозиметр detector rate-of-rise (heat) - тепловой пожарный извещатель, реагирующий на скорость повышения температуры detector resistant temperature - резисторный термодатчик detector sensitive ionization chamber single-station early warning - пожарный извещатель раннего обнаружения detector smoke - дымовой пожарный извещатель ионизационного типа detector smoke duct - дымовой пожарный извещатель в воздуховоде или в системе вентиляции detector smoke(-sensitive) - дымовой пожарный извещатель detector spot(-type) - точечный пожарный извещатель detector spring-powered - механический пожарный извещатель detector suprathermal - высокотемпературный датчик detector thermal - тепловой пожарный извещатель detector type A - компенсированный пожарный извещатель нормальных температур detector type В - некомпенсированный пожарный извещатель нормальных температур detector type С - компенсированный пожарный извещатель высоких температур detector type D - некомпенсированный пожарный извещатель высоких температур detector ultrasonic wave emitter and receiver - пожарный извещатель с приемопередатчиком ультразвуковых колебаний detector ultraviolet - пожарный извещатель с ультрафиолетовым чувствительным элементом
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